Harridanic - User contributions [en-gb]

Main Page

2012-06-13T19:54:57Z

PJH: /* Why this site? */

== Why this site? ==

'''Harridan (n): A vicious and scolding woman, especially an older one.'''

:: Whatever compassion we may feel towards Seraphie, charged with managing the Beyle household and provided with little in the way of emotional or material recompense, evidence scarcely softens Stendhal's portrait of an ignorant, vindictive, mean-spirited harridan. -- Jonathan Keates, [http://www.amazon.com/Stendhal-Jonathan-Keates/dp/B000HWZ3R6 Stendhal]

Over the past few years - more and more often - governments, organisations (often funded by the tax payer) and special interest groups (again, often funded by the tax payer,) are enforcing their views on others in ever more vindictive ways, "for your own good," or, more typically, "because we don't like it."

Be it tobacco, alcohol, sugar, salt or whatever happens to be the evil-du-jour, there is rarely anything which is enjoyed by a significant (but minority - less than 50%) part of the population for which there isn't a 'puritan' group willing to lobby governments for more and more controls, misusing statistics and using sub-standard [[:category:research|research]] to justify forcing their views onto others, while gratefully accepting the taxes, of those they villify, to fund their activities.

This site aims to collate evidence of this misuse, and document the activities of those who purport to 'save us from ourselves' while they sit on their high horses, alongside those (non-tax-payer-funded, irritated, people or organisations) who take an active interest in pointing out problems of having governments fund groups that in turn lobby government to do the government's wishes.

== Smoking ==

While it is widely accepted that smoking causes ill health to those who smoke, there are ever more shrill calls for controls on the pricing of tobacco, where it may be consumed, and in what [[plain_packaging|form it should be sold]].

Measures used to control tobacco are being used as a [[The Tobacco Template|template to control other areas of life]], despite claims from anti-tobacco groups to the contrary, claiming tobacco is unique and measures like banning, excessive taxation and [[plain packaging]] would never be used for anything else.

However, like smoking, but unlike [[Passive Smoking|second hand smoke]], all the rules and regulations put into place do demonstrably [[Victims|kill and maim people]].

== Alcohol ==
Alcohol has been around for millenia. Some religions forbid it, the United States even had a [[Wikipedia:Prohibition in the United States|go at prohibition]] where the government even went so far as to murder thousands of its own citizens in the name of 'scaring people':

::Frustrated that people continued to consume so much alcohol even after it was banned, federal officials had decided to try a different kind of enforcement. They ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols manufactured in the United States, products regularly stolen by bootleggers and resold as drinkable spirits. The idea was to scare people into giving up illicit drinking. Instead, by the time Prohibition ended in 1933, the federal poisoning program, by some estimates, had killed at least 10,000 people.<ref>http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.html</ref>

The UK Government is currently (Mar '12) trying to push through a [[Minimum Pricing‎|minimum price]] per [[Alcohol Units|unit]] of alcohol under the guise of 'preventing binge drinking' and the 'increased rate of liver disease,'<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-17465403</ref> despite the fact that the annual consumption of alcohol has been decreasing in the past few years<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12397254 BBC: Why is alcohol consumption falling?</ref>, and trying to push people to go to pubs instead of buying their alcohol at the supermarket<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/mar/23/coalition-minimum-alcohol-price-40p</ref>

== Food ==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Main Page

2012-06-13T19:53:31Z

PJH: /* Why this site? */

== Why this site? ==

'''Harridan (n): A vicious and scolding woman, especially an older one.'''

:: Whatever compassion we may feel towards Seraphie, charged with managing the Beyle household and provided with little in the way of emotional or material recompense, evidence scarcely softens Stendhal's portrait of an ignorant, vindictive, mean-spirited harridan. -- Jonathan Keates, [http://www.amazon.com/Stendhal-Jonathan-Keates/dp/B000HWZ3R6 Stendhal]

Over the past few years - more and more often - governments, organisations (often funded by the tax payer) and special interest groups (again, often funded by the tax payer,) are enforcing their views on others in ever more vindictive ways, "for your own good," or, more typically, "because we don't like it."

Be it tobacco, alcohol, sugar, salt or whatever happens to be the evil-du-jour, there is rarely anything which is enjoyed by a significant (but minority - less than 50%) part of the population for which there isn't a 'puritan' group willing to lobby governments for more and more controls, misusing statistics and using sub-standard [[:category:research|research]] to justify forcing their views onto others, while gratefully accepting the taxes of those they villify to fund their activities.

This site aims to collate evidence of this misuse, and document the activities of those who purport to 'save us from ourselves' while they sit on their high horses, alongside those (non-tax-payer-funded, irritated, people or organisations) who take an active interest in pointing out problems of having governments fund groups that in turn lobby government to do the government's wishes.

== Smoking ==

While it is widely accepted that smoking causes ill health to those who smoke, there are ever more shrill calls for controls on the pricing of tobacco, where it may be consumed, and in what [[plain_packaging|form it should be sold]].

Measures used to control tobacco are being used as a [[The Tobacco Template|template to control other areas of life]], despite claims from anti-tobacco groups to the contrary, claiming tobacco is unique and measures like banning, excessive taxation and [[plain packaging]] would never be used for anything else.

However, like smoking, but unlike [[Passive Smoking|second hand smoke]], all the rules and regulations put into place do demonstrably [[Victims|kill and maim people]].

== Alcohol ==
Alcohol has been around for millenia. Some religions forbid it, the United States even had a [[Wikipedia:Prohibition in the United States|go at prohibition]] where the government even went so far as to murder thousands of its own citizens in the name of 'scaring people':

::Frustrated that people continued to consume so much alcohol even after it was banned, federal officials had decided to try a different kind of enforcement. They ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols manufactured in the United States, products regularly stolen by bootleggers and resold as drinkable spirits. The idea was to scare people into giving up illicit drinking. Instead, by the time Prohibition ended in 1933, the federal poisoning program, by some estimates, had killed at least 10,000 people.<ref>http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.html</ref>

The UK Government is currently (Mar '12) trying to push through a [[Minimum Pricing‎|minimum price]] per [[Alcohol Units|unit]] of alcohol under the guise of 'preventing binge drinking' and the 'increased rate of liver disease,'<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-17465403</ref> despite the fact that the annual consumption of alcohol has been decreasing in the past few years<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12397254 BBC: Why is alcohol consumption falling?</ref>, and trying to push people to go to pubs instead of buying their alcohol at the supermarket<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/mar/23/coalition-minimum-alcohol-price-40p</ref>

== Food ==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

The Tobacco Template

2012-06-01T10:36:41Z

PJH: /* Bans - Products */

[[Smoking Myths (ASH)|It has been claimed]], by [[Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)|ASH]], that

: ... the “domino theory” i.e. that once a measure has been applied to tobacco it will be applied to other products is patently false.

Sadly, it is their statement that is false, not the domino theory. This page lists attempts by organisations and goverments to copy the 'tobacco template' in order to denormalise users of, or reduce consumption of, products.
==General Controls==
General stuff not covered below
===[http://whothailand.healthrepository.org/handle/123456789/1359 GAPC] - Alcohol===
*“What worked for Tobacco Control?” - Ms. Shoba John<ref>http://img4.custompublish.com/getfile.php/1863660.994.cvftrstyec/Program+for+GAPC2012.pdf?return=www.add-resources.org</ref>
*“Control marketing: lessons learn from tobacco control movement” Ms. Bungon Ritthiphakdee<ref>http://img4.custompublish.com/getfile.php/1863660.994.cvftrstyec/Program+for+GAPC2012.pdf?return=www.add-resources.org</ref>
===MD, PhD and a DrPH, California - Sweeteners===
Added sweeteners pose dangers to health that justify controlling them like alcohol, argue Robert H. Lustig, Laura A. Schmidt and Claire D. Brindis<ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v482/n7383/full/482027a.html#/affil-auth</ref>

And they claim it contributes to 35million deaths a year worldwide and is so dangerous it should be controlled through taxation and legislation.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2094812/Sugar-controlled-like-tobacco-alcohol.html</ref>

==Higher Taxes==
Ever higher taxes are imposed with the belief that they will either (1) increase the tax the government receives or (2) reduce consumption by pricing consumers out of the market. (Obviously it can't do both at the same time.)

However, unintended consequences occur in the form of (a) increased sales on the black market and/or those (legitimately or not) obtaining their supplies from abroad and (b) increase in poverty because the hardest hit (and of which, demographically, tend to smoke more) are the poor who are either unwilling or unable to cut down or give up.

[Minimum Pricing], while not increasing the tax-take to the government, is a form of this.

=== [[Mike Rayner]] - Department of Public Health at Oxford University - food - May 16 2012===
{{Quote|"Fat taxes" would have to increase the price of unhealthy food and drinks by as much as 20% in order to cut consumption by enough to reduce obesity and other diet-related diseases<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/may/16/fat-tax-unhealthy-food-effect?newsfeed=true</ref>}}

{{quote|He called for a 12p tax on soft drinks, even bigger than the 2 cents tax introduced in France, claiming it would prevent several thousand deaths a year as people switched to healthier drinks.
[...]
Mr Rayner said taxes were already used to discourage people from drinking or smoking and a fat tax plan would raise money for the Treasury and prevent people dying.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17741124</ref>}}

{{quote|In all of this I see a sacred dimension. <b>You may not believe that I have heard God aright but I think God is calling me to work towards the introduction of soft-drink taxes in this country</b> and I am looking forward to the day when General Synod debates the ethical issues surrounding this type of tax rather than some of the other issues that august body seems obsessed by.<ref>http://mikeraynersermons.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/why-i-am-no-longer-minister-in-secular.html</ref> [Emphasis added]}}

===Thomas Gaziano, Harvard School of Medicine - salt - April 21, 2012===
{{quote|While a taxation increase of 40 per cent on industry prices (similar to tobacco), determined by previous work to lead to a 6 per cent reduction in consumption, was also evaluated.
:The analysis found that both strategies would be save money by reducing the number of people needing treatment for hypertension and CVD events such as myocardial infarction (heart attacks) and stroke.<ref>http://www.medicaldaily.com/news/20120421/9632/salt-tax-cvd-death-developing-countries.htm</ref>}}

Sadly there was either insufficient funding, or insufficient time to determine the incidence of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia Hyponatremia] (and the associated costs) that this would cause as a result.

=== Denmark - October 2011 ===
{{quote|Denmark has introduced what is believed to be the world's first fat tax - a surcharge on foods that are high in saturated fat.

Butter, milk, cheese, pizza, meat, oil and processed food are now subject to the tax if they contain more than 2.3% saturated fat.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15137948</ref> }}

===Doctor - Wales - fatty foods===
An expert on obesity has called for a tax on fatty foods to help reduce the number of overweight people in Wales.

Dr Nadim Haboubi runs a weight management clinic and has advised on government strategy to tackle obesity<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-15478804</ref>
===United Nations - food===
In De Schutter(2011), it looks towards "Using taxation to encourage healthy diets" (page 17)

{{Quote|The introduction of food taxes and subsidies to promote a healthy diet constitutes a cost-effective and low-cost population-wide intervention that can have a significant impact. (page 17)}}

{{Quote|50 (d) Impose taxes on soft drinks (sodas), and on HFSS foods, in order to subsidize access to fruits and vegetables and educational campaigns on healthy diets; (page 21)}}

==Bans - Products==

=== National Obesity Forum (UK) - fizzy drinks - May 2012 ===
{{quote|Supersize fizzy drinks should be banned from cinemas, restaurants and sports grounds in London to curb obesity, health experts say.

Anti-obesity campaigner Tam Fry today called on Mayor Boris Johnson to copy New York, which has imposed a 16oz limit on the sale of sugary drinks.

The ban applies to restaurants, cinemas and sports stadiums, and includes Coca-Cola, Pepsi and some iced-coffee drinks sold in Starbucks. Starbucks’s largest iced coffee in the UK is the Venti, which is 20oz. The equivalent is 22oz in the US, where the largest offering is the 31oz Trenta.

Mr Fry, from the National Obesity Forum, said the move by New York mayor Michael Bloomberg was the way forward to tackle the capital’s obesity epidemic. In an interview with the Standard, he said: “London should take a leaf out of New York’s book. Everything Michael Bloomberg does is backed up with perfectly good science. If England were to follow more what America was doing then we would be in a much better situation.”<ref>http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/london/london-urged-to-follow-ny-fizzy-drink-ban-7807634.html</ref>}}

=== Assemblyman William Monning (California) - food vans 'outside schools' - Feb 2012 ===
In an effort to stop kids from running away from their 'healthy school meals' Assemblyman William 'Bill' Monning decided that was was needed was bill that bans food truck operators from vending within a quarter-mile of any school. Businesses were not happy at the unintended consequences:

{{quote|“The problem is that many of the businesses that we serve are near schools,” said Nancy Nguyen, an owner and operator of O Mi Ninja, a Vietnamese food truck operating out of Santa Clara County. “If you're K through 9 [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_%28education%29 four-13 yr olds]], you're not even allowed to leave campus. I've never seen a food truck directly across from a school.”<ref>http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_20020436</ref>}}

Unfortunately for Mr. Monning, but fortunately for all those businesses affected, the bill was dropped. Not because he realised it was a bad idea, but:

{{quote|Monning, chairman of the Assembly Health Committee, said his measure lacked enough votes to win approval this year.

"Our calculus was: It was still not ready for prime time," Monning said, adding that he would look for other ways to address his concerns about obesity among schoolchildren.<ref>http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/29/local/la-me-food-trucks-20120329</ref>}}

=== UK Parents - Childrens' books in Libraries ===
{{quote|Classic stories including Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves and The Nutcracker were "too scary and sinister" for children, according to some parents who complained about their presence on library shelves, while Dahl's story books Revolting Rhymes and Even More Revolting Rhymes were attacked for their "coarse language". In Dahl's version of Little Red Riding Hood, the heroine takes a decidedly Dahl-ian approach to offing the wolf. "The small girl smiles. One eyelid flickers. / She whips a pistol from her knickers. / She aims it at the creature's head, / And bang bang bang, she shoots him dead."<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/apr/23/language-violence-parents-complain-books</ref>}}

{{quote|Librarians in East Sussex removed copies of Babar's Travels, in which one of the cartoon elephant's adventures finds him faced with 'savage cannibals'.[...]Those wishing to borrow it must now order it specially, after staff upheld a complaint that it contained offensive stereotypes of black Africans.[...]A similar complaint saw staff in Lewisham, London, remove Herge's Tintin in the Congo, while elsewhere the title has been transferred to the adult's section.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2133798/Childrens-favourite-books-removed-library-shelves-parents-complain-offensive.html</ref>}}

==Bans - Advertising==
This covers not only direct advertising (identifiable adverts in media) but 'indirect' advertising; e.g. no smoking allowed in children's films (Think [http://news.sky.com/home/showbiz-news/article/16073171 Cruella DeVille from 101 Dalmations])
===FakeCharity Sustain (UK) - sweets===
Sustain (a FakeCharity<ref>http://fakecharities.org/2009/05/charity-1018643/</ref>) wants to ban supermarket sweet displays<ref>http://www.sustainweb.org/publications/?id=212</ref>
===UK Government - alcohol===
Following the publication of the Government’s Alcohol Strategy, the Health Committee is to hold an inquiry examining the Government’s proposals so far as they relate to health issues, and in particular will look at:
[...]
* Plain packaging and marketing bans.<ref>http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/health-committee/news/12-03-26-alcohol-torcfe/</ref>
===United Nations - food===
50 (c) Adopt statutory regulation on the marketing of food products, as the most effective way to reduce marketing of foods high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, sodium and sugar (HFSS foods) to children, as recommended by WHO, and restrict marketing of these foods to other groups; [[De Schutter (2011)]] page 21
===Scottish Government - fatty foods/salt/sugar===
Television adverts for food high in fat, sugar and salt should not be shown before the 9pm watershed, according to Scotland's public health minister.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-17414707</ref>
===US Researchers - Alcohol in films===
The results suggest that family focused interventions would have a larger impact on alcohol onset while limiting media and marketing exposure could help prevent both onset and progression.<ref>http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000543</ref>
===Australian government - 'junk' food===
Greens leader Bob Brown introduced a private members bill last Monday to ban junk food advertising during children’s television viewing times of 6-9 am and 4-9 pm on weekdays, as recommended by the Obesity Policy Coalition.<ref>http://theconversation.edu.au/plain-packaging-wraps-up-a-big-year-for-health-legislation-in-2011-4418</ref>
===[[British Medical Association|BMA]] - alcohol advertising===
There should be a ban on all alcohol advertising, including sports and music sponsorship, doctors say.

The British Medical Association said the crackdown on marketing was needed, along with an end to cut-price deals, to stop rising rates of consumption.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8242385.stm</ref>
===Howard Stoate (Dartford, Labour, UK) - alcohol advertising===
The only sure way to tackle the problem is removing the alcohol industry's ability to target young people in that way. Banning alcohol advertising and sponsorship from events that are attended by children and young people, or watched by them on TV, is one way to enable young people to develop a healthier relationship with alcohol.<ref>http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=2010-03-10a.324.0</ref>

==Gory Pictures/Warning Labels==
Gory pictures on packets are supposed to deter (potential) smokers. Typically the medical type photographs show nothing that smoking could have caused (perfectly white teeth affected by dental caries, totally blackened lungs when we know smokers lungs are used for transplants, etc.)
===[[British Medical Association|BMA]] - Wine===
[T]he British Medical Association is currently demanding that graphic warnings be placed on wine bottles and wants – in their own words – “a complete ban on [alcohol] advertising as has been done very successfully with tobacco.” <ref>http://www.betterretailing.com/2012/03/news-2/legislation/tobacco-control-plain-packagings-potential-problems/</ref>
==[[Plain packaging|Plain Packaging]] (or [[Graphic Warnings]])==
Plain packaging is claimed to reduce the appeal of cigarettes. None of the studies (since it has not been put into practice yet) have conclusively proved that this is the case. Graphic warnings likewise are intended to reduce the appeal. Most are ignored by smokers.

=== South African Dental Association - Alcohol - May 21 2012 ===
{{quote|The planned use of graphic images on cigarette packs to show the effects of tobacco should be extended to alcohol products as it is more cancerous than tobacco, says the SA Dental Association (Sada).

It said that while smoking increased the risk of people developing cancer up to five times the norm, alcohol usage elevated the risk of contracting mouth cancer ninefold, making alcohol more dangerous. <ref>http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/put-graphic-images-on-alcohol-1.1301088</ref>}}

===Australian health activists - alcohol===
Health activists who believe even one alcoholic drink can cause cancer are lobbying MPs in Canberra (Jul '11) for limits on how much we consume and how much we pay for it. If they're successful in branding alcohol a carcinogen it could lead to tough restrictions similar to those applied to tobacco, including warnings on labels and laws requiring plain packaging.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/national/cigs-war-won-now-cancer-campaigners-set-their-sights-on-beer/story-e6frfkw9-1226088686962#ixzz1phH30898</ref>

===UK Government - alcohol===
{{quote|Following the publication of the Government’s Alcohol Strategy, the Health Committee is to hold an inquiry examining the Government’s proposals so far as they relate to health issues, and in particular will look at:
[...]
* Plain packaging and marketing bans.<ref>http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/health-committee/news/12-03-26-alcohol-torcfe/</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Smoking]]
[[Category:Alcohol]]
[[Category:Food]]
[[Category:Myths]]

Alcohol Units

2012-05-31T14:46:12Z

PJH: /* Daily/Weekly limits */

==Definition==

The definition of 'a unit of alcohol' differs depending on which country is being talked about. For example:

=== United Kingdom ===

One unit of alcohol is defined as containing 10ml or 8g of pure alcohol; the amount of alcohol the average adult can process within an hour<ref>http://www.drinkaware.co.uk/alcohol-and-you/health/guide-to-alcohol-units-and-measures</ref>. This equates to:
* 1 unit per percentage point abv in one litre of drink
* Approximately a half (imperial) pint (284ml) of 3.5% abv drink (0.994 units)
* 83.¯3ml of 12% abv wine (175ml=2.1 units, 250ml=3 units)
* 25ml measure of 40% abv spirit

=== United States ===

A standard drink is defined as containing 0.6 fluid ounce (17.05ml) or 14.0g of pure alcohol<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm#standDrink</ref>. This equates to
* 12-ounces of 5% abv beer.
* 8-ounces of 7.5% abv malt
* 5-ounces of 12% abv wine.
* 1.5-ounces (44.3ml) or a “shot” of 40% abv distilled spirits or liquor.

=== Australia ===

A standard drink is defined as containing 12.5ml or 10g<ref>http://www.health.gov.au/internet/alcohol/publishing.nsf/Content/standard</ref> of pure alcohol. This equates to
* 375 ml bottle or can of 3.¯3% abv lager/beer.
* 104 ml of 12% abv wine (100ml~=1 unit, 1.50ml ~= 1.44 units)
* ~30ml measure of 40% abv spirit (0.96 units)

=== Canada ===

A standard drink is defined as containing 16.875ml or 13.6g<ref>http://www.agingincanada.ca/a_standard_drink.htm</ref> of pure alcohol. This equates to
* 341ml/12oz of 5% abv lager/beer.
* 5 oz 12% abv wine
* ~40ml measure of 40% abv spirit (1.06 units)

=== World ===

Based on data from Sensible Drinking[http://www.drinkingandyou.com/site/pdf/SENSIBLE%2520DRINKING.pdf] the amount of alcohol is stated in the table in both grams and millilitres. The number of standard drinks contained in 500ml of beer of 5% ABV (a typical large drink of beer) is stated for comparison, along with daily and weekly limits, where data is available. Blank cells indicate either no guidelines given, or no data available.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |'''Country'''
! scope="col" |'''g/Std Drink'''
! scope="col" |'''ml (based on 12.67g/ml)'''
! scope="col" |'''500ml@5%'''
! scope="col" |'''g/day Male'''
! scope="col" |'''g/day Female'''
! scope="col" |'''g/week Male'''
! scope="col" |'''g/week Female'''
|-
| Argentina||||||||||||||
|-
| Australia||10||12.67||1.97||20<ref>http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/ds10-alcoholqa.pdf</ref>||20||||
|-
| Austria ||10||12.67||1.97||24||16||||
|-
| Belgium||||||||||||||
|-
| Canada||13.6||17.24||1.45||41||27.2||204||136
|-
| China||||||||||||||
|-
| Czech Republic||||||||24||16||||
|-
| Denmark ||12||15.21||1.64||||||252||168
|-
| Finland||11||13.94||1.79||||||165||110
|-
| France ||10||12.67||1.97||30||20||||
|-
| Germany||||||||24||16||120||80
|-
| Greece||10||12.67||1.97||30||20||||
|-
| Hungary ||17||21.55||1.16||||||||
|-
| Iceland||||||||||||||
|-
| India||||||||||||||
|-
| Ireland ||10||12.67||1.97||40||30||210||140
|-
| Italy ||12||15.21||1.64||36||24||||
|-
| Japan ||19.75||25.03||1.00||39.5||||||
|-
| Luxembourg||||||||||||||
|-
| Malta||||||||3 drinks||2 drinks||||
|-
| Netherlands ||9.9||12.55||1.99||30||18.8||||
|-
| New Zealand||10||12.67||1.97||30||14||210||140
|-
| Norway||||||||||||||
|-
| Poland ||10||12.67||1.97||20||10||100||50
|-
| Portugal ||14||17.74||1.41||42||28||||
|-
| Romania||||||||32.5||32.5||||
|-
| Russia||||||||||||||
|-
| Singapore||||||||30||30||||
|-
| Slovenia||||||||20||10||||
|-
| South Africa<ref>http://www.ara.co.za/alcohol-facts</ref>||12||15.21||1.64||||||252||168
|-
| Spain ||10||12.67||1.97||40||24||||
|-
| Sweden||||||||20||20||||
|-
| Switzerland||12||15.21||1.64||24||24||||
|-
| Taiwan||||||||||||||
|-
| Thailand||||||||||||||
|-
| UK||7.89||10.00||2.50||32||24||168||112
|-
| USA||14||17.74||1.41||56||42||196||98
|-
| WHO||||||||3 drinks on average||2 drinks on average||||
|}

== Daily/Weekly limits ==

Controversially, however, Richard Smith, former editor of the British Medical Journal and a member of the Royal College of Physicians, which came up with the UK report from a committee of doctors in 1987, which set out weekly limits of 21 units(168g) for men, and 14(98) units for women, has admitted that the weekly limits were essentially "plucked out of thin air.":
{{quote|[Richard Smith] recalled that the committee could find "no decent data" on the subject, but felt obliged to make a recommendation nonetheless.
: He said: "They weren't really based on any firm evidence at all. It was a sort of intelligent guess by a committee." <ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8656565/Safe-drinking-limits-to-be-reviewed.html</ref>}}

And from Richard's own blog
{{quote|Kristin Wolfe, head of alcohol policy at SAB Miller, one of the world’s largest brewers, said that 80-90% of people are responsible drinkers and that the harm results from the other 10-20%. She accepted that people should be given information on safe limits, but she pointed out that there is considerable variation in advice around the world: in Australia the advised limit is 20 grams a day, whereas in Portugal its 37 grams; in the US a unit is 14 grams, contrasting with the 8 grams in Britain.<ref>http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2011/11/14/richard-smith-battling-over-safe-alcohol-limits/</ref>}}

More recently, Oxford University have produced a report recommending that the daily limit be reduced to 1/2 a (UK) unit a day (about 1/2 pint beer):
{{quote|An Oxford University study found that the beneficial effects of alcohol have been exaggerated and thousands of deaths from cancer and liver cirrhosis could be prevented.

[...]

This level may “not be compatible with optimum protection of public health', the research published in the journal BMJ Open found.

[...]

"[...] A couple of pints or a couple of glasses of wine per day is not a healthy option.

"We are not telling people what to do[...]<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9299468/Sticking-to-a-quarter-pint-of-beer-a-day-would-save-thousands-of-lives-research.html</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alcohol]]

TODO: Research

2012-05-28T20:49:12Z

PJH:

A list of research papers to do with aspects of smoking that need locating, uploading and pages created for them.

Referenced in [[J Padilla & N Watson (2008)]]:
*Wakefield, M.A., D. Germain and S. J. Durkin, 2008, “How does increasingly plainer cigarette packaging influence adult smokers’ perceptions about brand image? An experimental study”
*Grant et al. (2007), “The influence of branding on adolescent smoking behaviour: exploring the mediating role of image and attitudes”

*Marvin E. Goldberg, et al. (1999). “The Effect of Plain Packaging on Response to Health Warnings”

*<strike>Goldberg, M. et al. (1995), “When Packages Can’t Speak: Possible Impacts of Plain and Generic Packaging of Tobacco Products”</strike> [[M Goldberg, et al. (1995)]]

*David Northrup and John Pollard, 1995, “Plain Packaging of Cigarettes, Event Marketing to Advertise Smoking, and Other Tobacco Issues: a Survey of Grade seven and Grade Nine Ontario Students”

*Irving Rootman, et al. 1996. “A study on Youth Smoking: Plain Packaging, Health Warnings,

*Event Marketing, and Price Reductions. Key Findings”

*Centre for Health Promotion, University of Toronto. 1993. “Effects of Plain Packaging on the Image of Tobacco Products Among Youth”

*Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, 1992, “Health Warnings and Contents Labelling on Tobacco Products”

*Beede, P. et al. (1992). “The Effects of Plain Packages on the Perception of Cigarette Health Warnings”

*Beede, P. and R. Lawson (1991). “Brand image attraction: the promotional impact of cigarette packaging”

*[[Doll & Hill (1950)]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Smoking]]

TODO: Research

2012-05-28T20:46:35Z

PJH:

Doll & Hill (1950)

2012-05-28T20:43:29Z

PJH: Created page with "Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung, Doll & Hill (1950) Discussed at [http://boltonsmokersclub.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/the-doll-and-hill-s..."

[[Media:Doll_and_hill_1950.pdf‎|Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung, Doll & Hill (1950) ]]

Discussed at [http://boltonsmokersclub.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/the-doll-and-hill-study-smoking-and-carcinoma-of-the-lung-1950-an-analysis-and-summary/ Bolton Smokers Club].

[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Smoking]]

File:Doll and hill 1950.pdf

2012-05-28T20:40:31Z

PJH: Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung, Doll & Hill (1950)

Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung, Doll & Hill (1950)